fsm_traffic/rtl/traffic_light.v

module traffic_light(
    input   wire        sys_clk     ,
    input   wire        sys_rst_n   ,

    output  reg [3: 0] led
);
parameter MAX_S = 26'd50_000_000;//1s
parameter MAX_83 = 7'd83;//83s
//状态空间,自然数编码
parameter IDLE      = 2'd0,
          RED       = 2'd1,
          GREEN     = 2'd2,
          YELLOW    = 2'd3;
//动作空间
parameter ACT1 = 4'b0000,
          ACT2 = 4'b0100,
          ACT3 = 4'b0010,
          ACT4 = 4'b0001;

reg [1: 0] c_state;//现态，current state
reg [1: 0] n_state;//次态，next state

reg [25: 0] cnt_s;//1s计数寄存器
reg [6: 0]  cnt_83;//83s计数寄存器
wire start;//进入红绿灯场景标志
assign start = 1'b1;
//约束cnt_s
always @(posedge sys_clk or negedge sys_rst_n) begin
    if(!sys_rst_n)begin
        cnt_s <= 26'd0;
    end 
    else if(cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1)begin
        cnt_s <= 26'd0;
    end 
    else begin
        cnt_s <= cnt_s + 1'd1;
    end 
end

//约束cnt_83
always @(posedge sys_clk or negedge sys_rst_n)begin
    if(!sys_rst_n)begin
        cnt_83 <= 7'd0;
    end 
    //计到83-1，并且计1s
    else if((cnt_83 == MAX_83 - 1'd1) && (cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1))begin
        cnt_83 <= 7'd0;
    end 
    //每计1s加1
    else if(cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1)begin
        cnt_83 <=cnt_83 + 1'd1;
    end 
    //其他时刻保持
    else begin
        cnt_83 <= cnt_83;
    end 
end 

//三段式有限状态机，第一段，时序逻辑
always @(posedge sys_clk or negedge sys_rst_n)begin
    if(!sys_rst_n)begin
        c_state <= IDLE;//初始化当前状态为IDLE
    end 
    else begin
        c_state <= n_state;//其他时钟上升沿，次态赋给现态
    end 
end 
//第二段，组合逻辑，描述状态跳转关系
always @(*)begin
    case(c_state)
        IDLE    :   begin
                        if(start == 1'b1)begin//条件
                            n_state = RED;//跳转至下一个状态 
                        end 
                        else begin
                            n_state = IDLE;//保持当前状态
                        end 
                    end 
        RED     :   begin
                        if((cnt_83 == 7'd59) && (cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1))begin
                            n_state = GREEN;
                        end 
                        else begin
                            n_state = RED;
                        end 

                    end
        GREEN   :   begin
                        if((cnt_83 == 7'd79) && (cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1))begin
                            n_state = YELLOW;
                        end 
                        else begin
                            n_state = GREEN;
                        end 
                    end
        YELLOW  :   begin
                        if((cnt_83 == MAX_83 - 1'd1) && (cnt_s == MAX_S - 1'd1))begin
                            n_state = RED;
                        end 
                        else begin
                            n_state = YELLOW;
                        end 
                    end 
        default :   begin
                        n_state = IDLE;
                    end
    endcase
end
//第三段，可以组合也可以时序
always@(*)begin
        case(c_state)
            IDLE    :   led = ACT1;
            RED     :   led = ACT2;
            GREEN   :   led = ACT3;
            YELLOW  :   led = ACT4;
            default :   led = ACT1;
        endcase
end


endmodule